AN INTERESTING CASE TO HORSEMEN

I , 876

ODDS AND ENDS OF IMPROVEMENT.

1 some extent in every mounted command whenever marches are made. H o w will it be then with the new long rifle, which weighs about a pound more and is two and a half inches lomger? That it has increased the importance of preserving the horse! may be denied by some, but that it has increased the di5iculty of preserving him will be admitted by all. It is true that now when his horse is disabled the trooper will become a strong infantry soldier, whereas before he became a weak one; and that on occasions when he cannot be utilized mounted, such as service oversea when no horse-transportation is available, or impracticable theatre of operations, he may be used with increased value in his foot Nevertheless, it seems clear that the richest harvest, the most glorious results will be obtained only when his increased fire power is used in combination with rapidity of movement, that is, when he seizes a vital point as a cavalryman and holds it as an infantryman. The problem, therefore, of how the new rifle shall be camed is an important one, perhaps the most important now before the cavalry arm of our service, and its solution seems to involve either a change in our saddle, or that the trooper shall carry it. As the McClellan saddle is the best military saddle in the world, it would seem to be the part of wisdom to test the practicability of carrying the rifle on the trooper before venturing on changes in the ,saddle. capacity.

AN INTERESTING CASE TO HORSEMEN.

BY hf.4JOR H. L. RIPLEY, EIGHTH

CAVALRY,

GESERAL

STAFF.

N the 15th of February, Iwj, I was notified by the com- 0 manding officer at Fort Sill, 0. T.. Lieutenant Colonel

H. P. Kingsbury, Eighth Cavalry, that Veterinarian Harry F. Steele, Eighth Cavalry, had’ reported to him that a horse of Troop C, Eighth Cavalry, (“Coxey”) was suffering from farcy, and I was directed to make an examination of him and report at once. I found the horse with his near hind leg considerably swollen, the swelling having taken place within twenty-four hours. The lymphatic glands were hard and cord-like, especially from the hock up. Severql ulcers or buds, characteristic of farcy, were distributed along the glands, some of which were discharging a thick yellowish pus. No ulcers could be seen in the nostrils and there was no discharge therefrom. The horse had no fever and there was no swelling or sign of ulcers upon the lips. neck, shoulders or any other part of his body. There was, however, a rash-like eruption, both inside and outside the swo1:en leg, extending from just below the hock to the fetlock. These swellings differed from the ulcers above the hock, in that they were much smaller, about the size of the half of a small pea, and much more numerous, covering practically the whole leg, and there was no discharge from them. This eruption resembled very much the “adobe itch,” which affected our horses while campaigning during the rainy season in the Philippines.* The horse was in good flesh, had a good appetite, and otherwise appeared to be in a perfectly healthy condition. *See Surgeon Roberts’ reference to this in his report of the post mom tern examination, page z f ~

I Feb. sa. 101.1 Feb.21. 7:3op.m. ........ .. 101.2 Feb. 23. 101.x 7 3 0 ~ . Y.. . . . . .. ... 7:30 A. m.. . , . . . . . . . Feb. 24. 101.3 Feb. a h 5 : 0 0 P. M.. . . . . _ . . . 100.3 7 : 3 0 ~ - ~ . . . . . . . . . . d d. u L .

A-V IA’TERESTING CASE.

279 Inoculated I c. c. (Bureau ) mallein 5:oo P. M. Feb. 2 j. Feb. 25. Feb. 25. Feb. 2 5 . Feb. 25. Feb. 25. Feb. 2 j. Feb. 25. Feb. 25. Feb. 25. Feb. 2s. Feb. 25. 6 : 0 0 ~ . 11.. . . . . . . . . F. i:00 A. 11. . . . . . , . , .

8 : W A . M.. . . . . . . . . .

Q:OOA. SI.. . . . . . . . . .

10:00 A. 11.. . . . . . , . . .

1 I : O O A . M . . . . _ . . _

, . .

12:00 SOON.. . . . . . , . .

1:00 P. 31.. . . . , . , . 2 :oo P. \I. . . . . . . . , 3:00 P. 21.. .):oo P. .\I.. , . , . , . 5:oo P. 31.. . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . 101.1 101.0 100.2 100.2 100.2 100.2 101.1 100.2 100.1 100.2 100.3 100.3 Feb. 25. Feb. Feb. 26. 26. Feb. 26. Feb. 26. Feb. 26. Feb. 26. Feb. 26. Feb. 26. Feb. 26. Feb. 26. Feb. 26. 6:oo P. 51.. . , . . . . . , . F. 0:oon M. . . . . . . . . .

9:OO A. M. . . . . . , . .

10:OOA. MI..

. . . . . . . .. 1a:w soos.. . . . , . , 1 : o o p . Y. ...... . 3:00 P. >I.. . , . . . . 4:Oo P. M.. . , . . . . , 5:00 P. Sf. 6:oo r. SI. . . . . . . . ..

1I:CQA. 21.

, . . . . . .

2:OOP. M. . , , . . . . .

. , , .. , . , . 100.1 100.2 100.1 100.0 100.1

100. I 100.2 100.1 100.1 100.2 100.2 101.0 It will be seen from this table of temperatures, that the highest temperature before inoculation was on February 23d, 5:30 P. >I., when the thermometer registered 101.4, while the highest register after inoculation was 1 0 1 . 1 F. at 6:oo A. 11. February 2 jth, the day following inoculation. While the figures of the test are negative. it in no way changes the diagnosis made. Very respectfully,

H. F. STEELE,

Vt-tt-rim ria 11 Ei&t/i Cmwlry. . In the meantime and pending the arrival of the mallein, the post surgeon, First Lieutenant William 11. Roberts, Jlecl-ical Department, who besides being an able and efficient doctor is a most excellent horseman, became interested in the case and offered to make a microscopical examination of the pus from one of the ulcers or buds on the glands. His offer was gladly accepted, and ne was encouraged to make the test as exhaustive as his facilities would allow. The result of his tests was negative. The following is his report:

K E PO RT 0

S BACTE R I( 1 I .(IC IC A I. E S A N I SAT I O S .

Bay gelding “Coxey,” Troop C, Eighth Cavalry; six years; No. 1835; height, 1 5 . 1 . Faint star, black points; wei ht about 950 pounds; received at post in apparently Several small abscesses were noticed February 12, 1905, on left hind leg, inner aspect below inguinal region. February I 3th the horse was isolated; abscess formation extended along lymphatic chains from inguinal region downward, with marked lymphadenitis, and lymphangitis, whole goo 5 condition October 5 . 1904.

c 880

A N INTERESTING CASE.

leg edematous, glands progressively breaking down and . forming small tense circular painful abscesses, which when evacuated as aseptically as possible, gave following results: Thick orange yellow viscid pus, alkaline reaction. small quantities in each cavity, no burrow-ing tendencies apparent. Abscesses connected by enlarged and indurated lymphatic trunks. Smear preparations from pus show pus cells, sero fibrinous exudate, and small amounts of connective tissue debris, no organisms. Stain. Loeffler’s alkaline, methylene-blue, steaming five minutes. i 1 Contents of abscesses: Negative also by Schutz method. Culture examination. Blood serum. A few minute grayish spots tenth day, microscopically composed of small cocci in chain formation. Bouillon. no apparent results for first seven days. On the eighth, a very faint clouding. a small amount of flocculent precipitate, finally settling to the bottom of tube; no odor. Precipitate consists of series of small cocci (about five m, in diameter) in chains; no other organisms discovered. Stained by Loemer’s method; do not discolorize by Gram’s method. Agar-agar negative to fourteenth day. Glycerine agar-agar negative. Potato negative. Gelatin stab culture, faint speck like growth along upper portion of needle track; gelatin not liquified. The only infection apparent is one of stepto-coccus pyogenes in very small numbers and uncontaminated by other organ isms. The inability to obtain Guinea pigs is unfortunate, as more positive tests could be made if these animals were obtainable. The mallein test as conducted by Veterinarian H. F. Steele was negative. First Lieutenant and Assistant Surgeon, U. S. Army,

WM. M. ROBERTS,

Surgeon. I A report of the tests made by Veterinarian Steele and Surgeon Roberts ww sent to Dr. S. E. Salmons, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, with a request for an opinion upon the data furnished concerning the horse. The following is his reply : - a

A N INTERESTZ*VG CASE.

281 v

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICL‘LTURE,

BUREAU

OF ANIYAL INDUSTRl-.

WASHINGTON,

D. C., March I;, ]go;. . Major If. L. Ripley, U. S. A., Fort Sill, Oklahoma. SIR: --I am in receipt of your letter of the 7th instant; in which you request an opinion upon the data furnished concerning a horse which you suspect of having glanders. In reply I would say that the lesions you describe on the left hind leg of the animal are strongly suggestive of farcy, but in view of the negative reaction obtained by the mallein test and the failure of your surgeon to obtain the bacillus of glanders by the usual bacteriological methods. it would be necessary to exclude ulcerative lymphangitis and epizootic lymphangitis (so-called pseudo farcy), both of which diseases present suppurating ulcers not unlike farcy. However, it xould be advisable to isolate this animal and treat him as a suspect until you can make a positive diagnosis. If this is impossible. I would suggest that no chances be taken with the horse, but that he be killed and buried as a suspicious case, and the premises, harness, tfappings, stable implements, etc., thoroughly disinfected, deeming it inadvisable to expose the other horses of the regiment to the possibility of contracting such a serious disease. Very respectfully,

D. E. S.%L\loxs, Chitf of Biuetiu. The latter part of March, about a mpnth after the first mallein test, Veterinarian Steele was directed to make a second test, using a double dose of mallein. The result of this test was negative. The following is Veterinarian Steele’s report on the second mallein test : FORT SILL, 0. T., April 6, 1 9 5 . The Adjutant, Fori Siii, 0. T.

SIR

:-I have the honor to report that a second “mallein” test was made on the bay gelding “ Coxey,” Troop C, Eighth Cavalry, March 31, 1 9 0 5 , using two ( 2 ) cubic centimeters Bureau of Animal Industry “malIein,” by order of the commanding officer, Major H. L. Ripley, Eighth Cavalry.

asa

A N INTERESTING CASE.

T h e test was as follows : 5 ~ p . u .......... F.rw.1

S S A M

ro0.1 5:oop.u. 100.1 .......... .........

8 S O A . M . .........

100.1 Match 27. March 18. Match as. 19. March March 31. March 31. Match 31. March 31. March 31. March 31. March 31. March 31. Yatch 31. March 31. March 31. March 31. March29.

~ : O O P . M .......... F. 99.3

Marchp. ~ : o o A . M . . 90.4 ........ . . . . . . . . . 99.4 March 30. 5:oop. M. 6m A. Y.. ...... .F. 1w.0 7:w A. Y.. ....... 100.0 ~.xxA.Y.. ....... 100.0 9.330~. 3 ~ . ....... 100.0

I O ~ A .

Y.. ...... 1oo.r

1I:OOA. Y .........

100.3

I~:Q)NYOON ....... 100.0

1:- P.Y 1oo.a f m P. Y.. ....... 99.3 3:-

P. AI .........

99.3 4:a, P. Y.. ....... 100.0 5:“

P. Y.. ....... 100.0 ......... Very respectfully,

H. F. STEELE,

Veterinarian Eighth Cavnrry. March 31. 6:m A. M.. . . . . . . . F. 100.1 April I. 7:-

A. 51.. . . . . . . . r0r.r April I. 8:oo A. Y.. . . . . . . 101.0 April r. g:oo A. m.. . . . . . . . 98.2 April I.

I O : O ~ A . Y.. . . . . . . .

99.4 April I. I 1 : O o A . N.. . . . . . . . 99.3 April I. 12:oo NOON ....... 99.1 April I. I:W

P. M 98.3 April I. 2:oo P. M.. ....... 99.4 April I. 3:m P. H.. . . . . . . . 98.4 April 1. 4:w P. M.. . . . . . . 99.3 . . . . . . . . . After the negative .reaction of the first mallein test and the failure of the surgeon to obtain any trace of the bacillus of glanders, efforts were made to obtain guinea pigs to inoculate, as much more positive results were to be expected if these animals could be used. Efforts, however, were fruitless in Oklahoma and Texas, and it was not until JIay 15th that they were finally obtained through the medical department from St. Louis, Missouri. Fresh pus was secured and the guinea pig inoculated May 18th. The result was still negative. T h e following is Surgeon Roberts’ report, made June 12th. on the guinea pig test :

OFFICE

OF THE SURGEON.

FORT SILL, 0. T., June 12. 1 9 5 . Additional report on Bacteriological examination of bay ge1dingr“Coxey.” Troop C, Eighth Cavalry No. 1835 : Guinea pig inoculated May 18, 1905, with pus from abscess. inner aspect, left hind leg above hock. Abscess opened and pasobtained asaseptically as possible, to prevent contamination with organisms of skin. T h e matter so obtained was inserted subcutaneously in sacral region of male guinea pig, and the cut through which this matter was inserted was closed by sutures and sealed with collodion. About one ( I ) b ,

AAV INTERESTI-VC CASE.

c. c. of the pus was used, the results entirely negative. T h e guinea pig is now alive and well and free from all symptoms, scrotal or otherwise. First Littit. nnd Asst. Siirgeon U. S Army. Surgeon. Wu. M. ROBERTS, I have since been informed by Surgeon Roberts that up to September 15th the guinea pig was perfectly well and hearty, and had been returned to the pen with the others. During all this time the horse had remained in practically the same excellent physical condition. The swelling on the leg had gone clown some. The ulcers had not increased in number appreciably, and the eruption below the hock remained about the same. No other part of the body was effected, and the nostrils were perfectly clean. The horse was a difficult one to handle or treat. He was vicious and ugly in disposition and had to be thrown for satisfactory examination or treatment. Had he been gentle and easy to handle, further observation and treatment would have been given him. The garrison was under orders to leave for the Philippine Islands June 1 ;th, and it was not deemed advisable or proper to leave even a suspicious case to a new command. Being now in command, I therefore directed that the horse be shot. not because he had the farcy, but because he was a suspicious case, and that a post inortern examination follow. This examination was made by Surgeon Roberts and Veterinarian Steele, and their reports follow: FORT SILL. 0. T.. June 14, 190j. Post inortern examination of bay gelding “Coxey.” So. 1835, killed by order of the post commander this date; age about points. seven ((7) years; height. I j . 1 ; marks. faint star, black General nutrition, escellent; horse is wvell nourished and in good spirits. General condition of the skin normal, except in the left hind leg. Elasticity, normal; free from discoloration or oedema. Post mottem rigidity sets in early. begioning in maxillary muscles, then muscles of back and hind quarters.

as4

A N INTERESTZNC CASE.

Mucous membrane of the mouth and nasal passages normal. Nasal mucous membrane possibly somewhat grayer and paler than usual, especially about fifteen c. m. posterior to nostril, presenting a somewhat an;emic appearance, but entirely free from ulceration or other abnormalities. Examination of aural cavities, negative. Cervical, submaxillary, and axillary lymphatics, normal. Right inguinal lymphatics. normal. Left inguinal lymphatics are enlarged and indurated, without tendency toward periadenitis. the skin being freely movable over the enlargements. Lymphatic trunks extending down left leg show marked lymphangitis with occasional suppurating nodes, communicating in the recent state externally through skin by fistulous openings, which show ten: dency to heal promptly. with formation of flat hairless cicatrices. Content of nodosities-a thick, viscid, caseous pus containing the streptococcus pyogenes in sinal1 numbers uncontaminated by other organisms. (See bacteriological report.) Infection shows signs. clinically, of having extended upward from foot of pastern. On the outer aspect of the left hind leg are numeruus small abscess formations from the size of a grain of corn to a small chestnut, situated in the skin, and apparently free from connection with the lymphatic channels. The pus is free from all organisms except the streptococcus pyogenes in small numbers. Early in the course of the disease there was considerable edema of this leg. but subsequently this oedema subsided; and now the leg is dotted over with numerous small circum-scribed swellings free from general enlargement. Anus, sheath, and penus, normal, except for two lymphatic nodules on left side of sheath, which when opened are found to consist of a caseous pus similar to the nodules on the leg. The subcutaneous fat is normal. Blood. normal. Muscles and fascia, normal. Pleura, normal. Heart, normal. Peri cardium, normal. Lung tissue, normal; free from any appearance of nodoso-ties or circumscribed degeneration processes.

A N INTERESZZNG CASE.

285 Internal tract, normal; small amounts of subperitoneal fat, Liver considerably smaller than normal, but normal in Internal lymphatics, uninvolved. Brain not involved, but clinically, no nervous sydptoms were observed, and the nervous system generally is apparently normal. In general, the only pathogenic process observed was one of infection with the streptococcus pyogenes taking the form of a chronic lyphangitis and lymphadenitis. normal in character. color and consistency. Free from degeneration processes. WM.

M. ROBERTS,

First Lieiitenent and Assistant Surgeon U. S. A r t ~ y , Siirgeon . FORT SILL, 0. T., June 14, IgOj. Thc Adjutant, Fort Sill, 0. T. SIK:-I have the honor to report that the bay gelding of Troop C, Eighth Cavalry. which has been isolated since February, suffering with farcy, was destroyed this day by order of the commanding officer. The post mortem examination which followed, did not show any of the symptoms or lesions on the nasal mucous membrane, the lungs or spleen, except that the nasal membrane had a decided lcadish color and the lungs mottled. The examination of the near hind leg showed several enlarged glands, some of which had broken down and were discharging. The glands of the inguinal region were much enlarged and showed more or less broken dow-n material when expgsed. Respectfully,

H. F. STEELE,

Veterijiariapr EibP/ft/i Cavalry. These reports show that no nodules were found in the liver, spleen, kidneys or lungs, and yet the best authorities state that an animal which has farcy, while the outward symptoms may under certain conditions be so ameliorated that he would pass any expert as sound. invariably has nodules in the lungs, which would of course be found in a post mortem examination.

.,;l"v /- .I . , - ;. I . ., , . ,/. . , , , ,. ? I. 886

A N INTERESTING CASE.

The report of Surgeon Roberts is particularly exhaustive and satisfactory. It is to be noted that to the last the reports made by Veteriharian Steele refer to the horse as suffering from farcy. This was his diagnosis when he first saw the case, and he adhered to it manfully, or unmanfully, to the end. T h e evidence shown by the above tests and examinations seems to preclude conclusively the presence of farcy in this horse. It is believed that the original diagnosis was a mistake, and it would be interesting to hear the views of some of our first-class veterinarians on the case. . T H E JIINDANAO hIORO.

. BY C A I T A I S C . C. SMITH. FOLKTEESTH

L'. s. CAVALRY. SERVICE of two years among the 3Ioros of Jlindanao, A during which it was our good fortune to get about considerably in their territory, and a pleasant personal and profitable acquaintance with Dr. Najeeb M. Saleeby, a learned Syrian, probably the best living authority on the Jforo, has given us temerity enough to believe that we might say something of interest concerning a strange and fanatical people. The Xoro, from our standpoint, has few, if any, traits that appeal to or excite admiration. He is a polygamist. has no moral sense, is tyrannical, vain, fond of show, and brutal in his treatment of those who acknowledge him as a superior. He is cool and treacherous, and for his religion commits the worst of crimes-murder-and with no compunction. The following from the Army anti A \ ' m j e forrrrrnl of March 17, 1906, shows how Major R. L. Bullard, Twenty-eighth Infantry, regards him. "The only question with the average bloro," Major Bullard is quoted as saying, "is when he can kill a Christian. It is never a question of whether he will do so or not. The Mor0 priests teach the murder of Christians as a requirement of their religion. He cares absolutely nothing for his own life if by risking it he can carry out the precepts of his religion. The Jloros will hide their hate with cunning subtlety until an opportunity comes for them to secure revenge. It is for this reason that the American lives in constant fear of his life. No American who is wise ever leaves his tent without being securely armed. I once took a detachment in pursuit of a datto who The Moro is a born fanatic.

m a

THE MINDANAO MORO.

had slaahed a soldier with 'a two-edged sword because our boat was skimming along near the shore of Lake Lanao. Suddenly I heard a death groan and a fearful struggle behind me. I turned to find in m y boat a hostile Moro, kris in hand and the awful fire of murder blazing in his eye. One stroke of his deadly knife hag half severed the head from the body of my soldier-steersman, and the flashing blade was raining blows into the bottom .of the boat at the prostrate form and flying legs of 'the oarsman, who had occupied the The latter, his head falling forward on his breast, sat bolt upright in his place, dying. Too fast to tell I poured four shots into the mad Moro, but to my consternation they seemed wholly without effect, and in desperation I spared the last two shots, springing fornard in the hope of shoving the revolver's muzzle against him, and so blow out his brains or his heart. The Moro stooped to clear a bamboo bow that looped the narrow boat over the head of the fallen oarsman. I thrust the muzzle of my revolver against the top of his close-cropped head and fired. Then at last he felt the bullet and sank forward upon his own weapon and the legs of the soldier whose head was against my knees." Major Bullard's experiences vividly disclose the character and conditions which confront the American forces in the Moro province. To temporize with them would be an act of madness that would lead to inevitable disaster. Any halting, half-hearted policy on the part of the military authorities would be construed by the Moros as a sign of American cowardice, and that would be recognized as the signal for massacre. The whole course of the army in the Moro country has been patient and conciliatory, but at the same time firm and vigilant, early experience having shown that the native6 are naturally treacherous, cruel and hostile to all Christians. L e t us state that Major Ballard, whom we have the honor and pleasure to know personally, has had much experience with Yoroe, and knows them perfectly. He, along with Dr. Weeby, may be considered an authority. Dr. Saleeby, whom they greatly respect for his strong .'place between me and the steersman.

THE NILVDA NA 0 LCIORO.

os9 personality, on account of expertness in their language, and his being an Arabic scholar, has recently written for the Ethnological Survey of the Philippine Islands a treatise on the history, law, and religion of the Moros. The Mor0 pan-ditas (priests) preserve their religion by means of the Arabic which is the only script they know, and the Doctor has in his work translated the records of the panditas, and other interesting data. The history of a people begins when mythology merges into something tangible. The mythology of the Mor0 ends and history starts with the advent in Mindanao of the Mohammedan Kabungsuwan in about 1475. Previous to this, Moros (called so by the Spaniards on account of their brown

THE MINDANAO MORO.

color) and the hill and mountain tribes of Mindanao were all one and the same people. It is not to be understood that all Moros are descended from the tribes just mentioned; as the Samals in the vicinity of Zamboanga, and the Sulu Moros, were originally fmm the Malay Peninsula. It is more than probable that most Philippine Islanders first came from the south of Asia, but the Samals and Sulus were the last comers, and very likely appeared in the order named, and already converted to the Mohammedan faith. Mindaoao and Magindanao is the same, and was the old name of Cotabato, and the country in its vicinity, meaning "the inundated land," and most descriptive of this region is the title. Before the days of Kabungsuwan the people of Magindanao were pagans, as are the Subanos, Tirurays and Bilanes in the highlands about Cotabato to-day; but as a religion will change people, so the Moslem faith has made the Mom, originally a heathen of benevolent disposition, fierce, arrogant and haughty. a Tradition has it, that before the doctrine of Islam was introduced, the people of Magindanao were numerous and prosperous, and had many villages and settlements. This is probably so, for the mountain people, or descendants of the forefathers of the Moros. have that in their character which should, if developed, guarantee prosperous communities. The spread of the faith of Yecca, with its precepts, has had the effect of disintegrating- the old,time settlements and villages of the mountaineers, who now seek safety in hidden valleys, or on high poitits from which they can watch the apprcmch of t h e fierce Jluhalnmedan slave hunter, and make such preparations or dispositions as they deem necessary, and as they abjectly fear the Noro, flight into the jungle is the rule. As is common with a people who hnvc no chronology, and fcw recorded narratives, the IIoro has permitted fiction and fact. or more properly speaking. 1nytho:ogy and histtn-y

THE MINDANA 0 MORO.

to become somewhat mixed, but as both may be of interest, we will slight neither, commencing, naturally, with the former, and take from Dr. Saleeby’s book the following: ‘‘Long ago, before the days of Kabungsuwan, Magindanao was covered by water, and the sea extended all over the lowlands. and nothing could be seen but mountains. The people lived on the highlands on both sides. They were numerous and prosperous, and many villages and settlements arose everywhere. But their prosperity and peace did not last very long. Therg appeared in the land pernicious monsters which devoured every human being they could reach. One of these terrible animals was called Kurita. I t had many limbs and lived partly on land and partly in the sea. It haunted Mount Kabalalan and extirpated all animal life it its vicinity. The second was called Tarabfisaw. ’This ugly creature had the form of a man, but was very much larger. It was extremely voracious. and spread terror far and wide. It haunted Mount Matutun and its neighborhood. “The third was a monstrous bird called Pah. This bird was so large when on the wing that it covered the sun and produced darkness underneath. Its eggs was as large as a house. It haunted Mount Bita and the eastern Ranao region. It devoured the people and devastated the land. The people were awe-struck. and those who escaped hid themselves in the caves of the mountains. “The fourth was a dreadful bird also, which had seven heads. It lived in Mount Gurayn and the adjacent country. “The havoc was complete and the ruin of the land \vas awful. T h e sad news found its way to strange and far lands, and all nations felt sorry for the fate that befell >[in-danao. ‘.When the news reached Raja Indarapatra, the king of Mantapuli, it grieve9 him very much and filled his heart with sympathy. Raja Indarapatra called his brother, Raja Sulayman (Solomon) and asked him to come to Mindanao to save the land from those destructive animals. Raja Sulayman was moved with sorrow, mingled with enthusiasm and zealland consented to come. Raja Indarapatra handed to his brother his ring and his kris, Juru Pakal, and wished him mfety and success. But before they parted Raja In. darapatra took a sapling and planted it in the ground in front of his window. This he thought was a sure sign by z I THE .lI/NDANAO MORO. 293 which he could tell what would happen to Sulayman after his departure. He said to Sulayman, if this tree lives you will live also; and if this tree dies, you will die too. “Raja Sulayman left Mantapuli and came over to Mindanao in the air. The first place he reached was Kabalalan. There he stood on the summit of the mountain and viewed the land and the villages, but he could not see a single human being anywhere. The sight was woeful, and Raja Sulayman esclaimed, ‘Alas, how pitiful and dreadful is this devastation !’ -4s Sulay-inan uttered these words the whole mountain mo\.ed and shook, and suddenly there came out of the ground a dreadful animal. which attacked Sulayman and fixed its claws in his flesh. The minute Sulayman saw the Kurita he knew that it was the evil scourge of the land, and he immediately drew his sword and cut the Kurita to pieces. *‘From there Sulayman went to Matutun. There he saw greater devastation and more awful condition of affairs. As he stood on the mountain he heard a noise in the forest and saw a movement in the trees. Soon there appeared Tarabnsaw, which drew near and gave a loud yell. It cautioned Sulayman and threatened to devour him. Sulnyman in his turn threatened to kill Tarribcisaw. T h e animal said to Sulayman; If you kill me, I shall die the death of a martyr.’ and as it said these words it broke Imge branches from the trees and assaikd Sulayman. The struggle lasted n long while, until at last thc animal was exhausted and fell to the ground ; thereupon Sulayman struck it with his sword and killed it. As the animal was dying it looked up to Sulayrnan and congratulated him on his success. Sulayninn answered and said, ‘Your previous deeds brought this death on you.’ “The next place Sulnyman went to was llount Bita. Here the devastation was worse still. Sulnyman passed by many houses, but they were all vacant nnd not ;i soul lived there. *Alas, what havoc and what misfortune has befallen this country ! ’ he exclaimed, as he went on. But suddenly there came a darkness upon the land, and Yulayman wondered what it could mean. He looked up to the sky and beheld a wonderful and huge bird descending from the sky upon him. He at once recognized the bird and understood its purpose. and as quick as he could draw his sword. he struck the bird and cut off its wing. The bird fell dead. but its wing fell on Sulayman and killed him. At this same time Knja Indarapatra was sitting in his window. and he He neither walked nor used a boat.

: I .. . ! I , 1 .

1 I i: 994 THE MINDAiVA 0 MORO. looked and saw the little tree wither and dry up. *Alas !’ he said, ‘Raja Sulayman is dead;’ and he wept. “Sad at heart, but full of determination‘ and desire for revenge, he got up, put on his sword and belt, and came over to Mindanao to search for his brother. He traveled in the air with wonderful speed, and came to Kabalalan first. There he looked around and saw the bones of the Kurita, and concluded that his brother had been there and had gone. At Matutun he saw the bones of TarabBsaw, but Sulayman was not there. So he passed on to Mount Bita and resumed the search. There he saw the dead bird lying on the ground, and as he lifted the severed wing, he saw the bones of Sulayman. and recognized them by means of the sword that was lying by their side. As he looked at the sword and at the bones he was overwhelmed with grief, and wept with tears. Raising up his head, he turned around and beheld a small jar of water near him. He knew that the jar was sent down from Heaven, so he took it and poured its water on the bones of his brother, and his brother came to life again. Sulayman stood up, greeted his brother, and talked with him. Raja Indarapatra had thought that Sulayman was dead, but Sulayman assured him that he had not been dead. but that he had been asleep. Raja Indarapatra rejoiced, and life and happiness filled his heart. .* Raja Sulayman returned after that to Jiantapuli. but Raja Indarapatra continued his march to Mount Gurayn. There he met the dreadful bird that had seven heads, and killed it with his sword, Juru Pakal. “ Having destroyed all these noxious animals, and having restored peace and safety to the land, Raja Indarapatra set himself searching for the people that might have escaped destruction. He was of the opinion that some people must have contrived to hide in the earth, and that they might be alive yet. One day during his search he saw a beautiful woman at some distance, and as he hastened to meet her she disappeared quickly through a hole in the ground where she was standing. Having‘become tired and pressed with hunger, he sat down on a rock to rest. Looking around for food, he saw a pot full of uncooked rice and a big fire on the ground in front of it. Coining to the fire he placed it between his legs and put the pot over his knees to cook the rice. While so occupied, he heard a person laugh and exclaim, ‘Oh, what a powerful person this man is!’ He turned ’ around and, lo, there was an old woman near by looking at him and wondering how he could cook rice on a fire between . . his legs. The woman drew nearer and conversed with Raja Indarapatra, who ate his rice and stood talking to her. He inquired of her about her escape and about the inhabitants of the land. She answered that most of them had been killed and devoured by the pernicious animals, but that a few were still alive. She and her old husband, she said. hid in a hollow tree and could not come out from their hiding place until Raja Sulayman killed the awful bird, Pah. The rest of the peopie and the datu, she continued, hid in a cave in the ground and did not dare to come out again. He urged her to lead him to the cave and show him the people. and she did so. The cave was very large, and on one side of it were the apartments of the Datu and his family. He was ushered into the presence of the Datu, and was quickly surrounded by all the people who were in the cave. He related to them his purpose and his mission and what he had accomplished. and asked them to come out and reinhabit the land. There he saw again the beautiful girl whom he had observed at the opening of the cave. She was the daughter of the Datu, and the Datu gave her to him in marriage in appreciation of the good he had done for them and the salvation he had brought to the land The people came out of the cave and returned to their homes, where they lived in peace and prosperity again. At this time the sen had withdrawn, and the lo\vIancl h:d appeared. “One day as Raja Indarapatra was considering his return home he remembered Sulayman’s ring and went out to search for it. During the search he found a net near the water. and stopped to fish to replenish his provisions for the continuation of the march. The net caught a quantity of buganga fish, some of which he ate. Inside one of the fish he found his ring. This cheered Raja Indarapntra’s heart and completed his joy. Later he bade his father-in-law and his wife good-bye and returned to Jlantapuli pleased and happy. “Raja Indarapatra’s wife was pregnant at the time of their parting, and a few months later gave birth to twins. a boy and a girl. The boy’s name was Rinamuntaw and the girl‘s was Rinayung. These two persons are supposed to be the ancestors of some of the Ranao tribes or Datus. This narration was secured from Datu Kali Adam, who learned it from the late Maharaja Layla of Jlagindanao, and from Alad, one of the oldest and most intelligent Moros living. Alad says that Mantapuli was a very great city far in the land of the sunset, where, exactly, he does not know, but he is sure it was beyond the sea. Jlantapuli was so large,

896 THE MINDANAO &fORO. he said, and its people were so numerous, that it blurred the eyes to look at them move; they crushed the bamboo very fine if it was laid in the street one day. Raja Indarapatra is the mythological hero of Magindanao and Mantapuli is his city. These names are very frequently mentioned in Mor0 stories, and various miracles are ascribed to them. "Kabalalan, Matutun. Bita. and Gurayn are the most prominent and picturesque peaks of hlindanao and Ranao with which the Moros are familiar. The whole narration is native and genuine, and is typical of the Magindanao style and superstitions. Some Arabic names and Mohammedan expressions have crept into the story. but they are really foreign and scarcely affect the color of the story. "The animal Kurita seems to bear some resemblance to the big crocodiles that abound in the Rio Grande River. Tarabiisaw may signify a large variety of ape. A heinous bird is still worshiped and is greatly feared by the Tirurays and Manobos who live in the mountains south of Cotabato. The hateful Balbal, in which all Moros believe, is described as a night bird, and its call is supposed to be familiar and distinctly audible every night. What relation the names of Rinamuntaw and Rinayung bear to the ancestors of the Ranao JIoros it will be very interesting to find out in the future " A comparison of this mythological tale with the history of the introduction of Islamism will show that mythology and authentic happenings in this case are similar, and warrants us in saying that Mor0 history is interwoven with their mythology. For instance, the coming of Sulayman from Mantapuli in the land of the west to destroy the terrible pests Kurita, Tarabiisaw and Pah. may be taken as the allegorical representation of Kabungsuwan coming to Mindanao to free it from paganism. It may be that the perusal of the foregoing myth has excited the curiosity of the reader as to the location of the various places named in the story. If this is so, the map herewith marks the position of said points; and it is not out of place for a study of the Moro country. T h e Pulangi is the Moro name for the river known to the Americans, Spaniards and Filipinos in the islands as the Rio Grande de Magindanao. we will now pass to the early history of the Moros, and from this, work down to the present day. Before Magellan discovered the Philippines to the nations of Europe, the religion of the Prophet had been established in blindanao, and Mohammed Kabungsuwan, who introduced it from Jahore, had become the ruler of those whom he had converted. He came not as conqueror, simply as a missionary. This zealot found where he landed, at the mouth of the Rio Grande de llagindanao, just such people as are the . A HYAIIIYH BVILT FORT 1s T E E M O K O COGSTBY. present mountaineers of Nindanso - benevolent and kindly disposed toward strangers. His religion appealed to them, and we see in the Moro of to-day the great change that the precepts of Mohammed have worked in a people whose an-cesters were rude pagans or heathens. Kabungsuwan was the son of a Malay mother and an Arabian father, most of the people of Jahore being pure Malays. They had been converted to the religion o f Y o - hammed some centuries before by Arabi'ins who wandered

THE MINDALVA 0 MORO.

through India and the Malay Peninsula, spreading their faith. Later, some of these men came to Mindanao and Jolo, but Kabungsuwan was the pioneer Mohammedan missionary. Following him came Arab priests, Chereefs, etc., and some of these are now to be seen in the Mor0 settlements. It is not strange that Kabungsuwan made converts quickly when we take into consideration the fact that he, and the few followers he brought with him from Jahore were of the same race as the people they came to work among. That is, Kabungsuwan’s mother was a Malay, and many of his followers were full-blooded Malays. Kabungsuwan married and settled in Mindanao, and one of his daughters, Putri Mamur, married Rajah Pulwa, the Sultan of Bwyan. From this union are descended the Moros of standing in the Cotabato Valley known to the Americans, viz: Datu Utu of Sapacan. Datu Ali of Tinunkup, Datu Mastura of Cotabato, and Rajah Putri (The Princesa) the widow of Datu Utu, who lives near Cotabato. As Kabungsuwan claimed to be a Chereef, or direct descendant of the Prophet, it is not to be wondered at that the Moros of the Cotabato Valley look up to and venerate his descendants 8 i . just named. I I The ‘genealogy of these descendants has been handed down, in Arabic, from generation to generation and kept by the Paditas (priests) as well as by the Datus themselves. Datu Mastura and Chereef Ali (pandita) of Sapacan have both kept a genealogy of the royal line in the Cotabato Valley. The latter was reported by the Moros kilied in a skirmish with the Provisional Troop, Fourteenth Cavalry, which the writer had the honor to command on December 16, rgoa at Buduc, on the Allah River in Mindanao. The following is a prayer taken from his turban on that occasion: “We begin our task, and I know that no bullet can harm me; God and Mohammed will protect me. I believe in the g-reat teachers, Abubeker, Othman and Ali. God deliver me from all evil. I praise Mohammed on account of his works, and ask his protection.” THE XZ-\rDA4

.VA 0 MORO.

299 The above invocation was in Arabic. and translated for the writer by one of the secretaries to Governor Van Horn of the District of Cotabato. The fact that the most prominent Moros of the Cotabato Valley. Sibuguey. and the Ranao region. are descended from Kabungsuwan, makes it clear w h y the Dstus are rever-enced by the common Moros, who when they approach their superiors, do so most humbly on hands and knees. The Mor0 believes that the acme of immortal bliss is attained by having this life ended on the field of battle, or 3s >IC)RO (‘IiIJBCII S E . % H C A M P \71CAKJ. >IIYn.4XA31. a Juramentado-that death in either of these two ways en-titles him to a place in the highest heaven, where every man is a prince, served by slaves, and attended by beautiful houris. A Juramentado is one who runs ainuck (the word is Spanish, and comes from jurar, to take an oath). This the hloro does. He takes an oath before a pandita to kill as many Christians as he can. He runs with his kris like a

F aoo

THE MINDANAO MORO.

mad dog, bent on doing harm to man, woman, or child in his temble frenzy, until shot down by some soldier. T h e following is General Corbin’s estimate of the Moro: “The Moros are religious fanatics, and are not amenable to the influences of other peoples. Tbey owe no allegiance except to their Mohammedan faith, and are liable to cause trouble at any time. Their acts have no more relation to the conduct of the Filipinos than the Apache outbreaks in former days in Arizona with the situation in other States and Territories.

YOBO HOUBL

SCCE AE SB=S II THL nro OBANDE VALLEY. “No man can tell what the Moros are going to do. They are just as likely to fight among themselves as to attack others. When an individual Moro feels what he calls an inspiration he runs amuck and kills all he can. This condition has always existed and. presumably, always will, until the race becomes extinct. We are now educating many of their children, and from this enlightened generation there may soon spring a new and better type of Moro. “Probably there are about 5,000 Moros on the island of Jolo. The number on Mindanao has been estimated as high as ~ J X X , but i$ is impossible to obtain a census, and this fig. me may be much exaggerated.” THE Ml-VDA NA 0 MORO. 301 The Moros of Mindanao have never been united as a single power, but have always formed several distinct Sultanates. The most important are those of Magindanao, capital at Cotabato, and Bwyan, capital at Dulauan (Piang’s place), both in Bacolod, around Lake Lanao, with the kingdom of Illana on the east shore of Illana Bay, and that of Sibuguey bordering Sibuguey Bay. The SamaIs may also be considered, their country being around Zamboanga. The Spaniards never more than nominally conquered Jlindanao. being content to simply fortify and hold a few settlements, mainly on the coast, viz: Iligan, Zsmboanga, Mar-gos sa-tubig. Malabang, Parang and Cotabato. Their most remote ontposts in the SIoro country were Reina Regente and Pikit. both in the Rio Grande Valley, the former about forty and the latter seventy miles from its mouth. -4s the Spaniards never went much into the interior of llindanao, it was left for the Americans to explore the country more. Captain R. 0. VanHorn, Seventeenth Infantry, went from Cotabato to Cagayan on the north coast, following the Kio Grande to the watershed which divides it from the Rit) (le Cagayan, which stream he followed down 10 its mouth. Other esplorations and espeditions have been made into the country, the writer being in command of a detachment which crossed the island from Slisamis on Panquil Bay. to ?II:irgos-sa tubig on Dumanquilis Bay, in June and J u ! ~ , 1904. In I ; g ~ the Spaniards under JIarquis Rodriguez first invaded Jlindanao, and were driven out by the Moro Dntus Silungan and Bwisan. Rodriguez. it is supposed, now sailed around to the north coast of Mindanao, anchored off where Iligan now stands, and sent an expedition to I.alie Lanao. T h e Jloro tradition of this invasion states that there were 400 Spaniards in armor and casques in this party, and not one of them got back to the ships. That something of this sort happened on the shores of Lake Lanao can hardly be doubted, for now and then an old Spanish helmet or coat of mail is brought to one of the market places frequented by Americans and offered for sale. # the Rio Grande \-alley; and Madaya, Ramain. Taracca and

3oa

THE MZAVDANAO MORO.

In 1636 General Corcuera made a successful invasion of the Magindanao country. At this time there was a Sultan, very famous among the Moros for his prowess, named Dipa-twan Qodrat. called by the Spaniards “Corralat.” This Qadrat was the son of Bwisan who drove Rodriguez from the country. and he fought the Spaniards bitterly, and held them off for many years, his pirates terrorizing Luzon and the Visayas, and it was not till 1636 that he was checked and , Moa0 WOYAS A X D C U ~ L O ~ E X . Thlr 1. one of the wires of Datu Grande. r h o llver near the w u t h rhore v 1 Iake Laam. Yludunar). f o r d to acknowledge the sovereignty of Spain. Corcuera took from Qudrat eight large cannons, twenty-seven Iantaka and one hundred muskets. In 1649 this great man, for he was the greatest Sultan Magindanao ever had, again defied the Spaniards and became independent. The Spaniards now held Mindanao at intermittent intervals until it was ceded to the United States. In 1886 they made a campaign against Datu Utu of Sapacan, who resisted vigorously, but he was finally brought to terms. 7 H E .lf~LvD.4 .\F*-i C I .lfc)Kc). 31.13 The Spaniards macle some cninpaigns against the Kanao lloros, and these expeditions generallh- started from Iiigan. The \\*riter was stationed in the town of Iligan for five months during 1903 and 1904. and while there gained access, through his acqunintance with the Catholic priest of the town, Father .Antonio Bartolome, to some of the church records relating to Spnnish campaigns against the Moros of that region. Some of these were translated, and as they may be of interest. are presented hcre\\-ith : &*On the 14th of Sovernber, iSSG. a n expedition \\-as organized in this town to go into the interior uf the island vith the object of procuring dnta as to the geographical position of the lake called Lnnao. which. according to rumor. is the center of the Moro county. This espedition was also to find the most practical road to said lake. ‘*In order that the expedition might be a success. and not too costly, the Governor of the District, General Einilio Terrero ordered that the road be prepared by degrees, And had a inceting with the most influential Datus. * * O n the above date the expedition set forth u:ider the co~niii:ind of the Governor. and there \\’:is \vith it the Commission sent by the Governor General. which w;is coniposed of 1I:ijor L)on liiguel G. llaldonado. the second secretary of thc Governor General, the oficial interpreter of lloro dialects, Don Pedro (htuoste. the third secretary of the ( h v - ernor (;cncral as photographer. and l h n Xlfoiiso Ferrinat ; also thirty or forty so!diers under Lieutenant Don ;\ndres Aquilocho, and sisty men froin Iligan undct nnc 1inniirt.z. -it the village of l3:ogsag:tt the cspedition \vas detained twu clays bl- the oppoiition ut’ one or t\vo 1 kitus who \vishcd to cullcct a toli. L*p to this tiinc nothing o f intcrcst iiad 1ial)pc‘iic’d. but :it a l l stages of prcigrcss ?lie \[orus seemed esci t e ~ l ~ i i d ;ipp;ircii t 1 y slio ~ e d di s.ipprt )I..\! t )f t iic S p n i;ird s being in their country. but hc took off.. the head for burtons :~iiCl thrc\v the stick n\v:iy. I n this iiiaiin~r these s:iv:tg~~s show thcir es::ct~m for prescnts gi\*w by the ;iuthoritics. “’l’he only satisfactory resnlt o f the cspedition is the map of the lake. :ind the road to it, nintlc by 1 )on Migiiel c;. S1alclon:itlo. and this map ought to adorn thc otticc. o f thc C;o\ycbrnor (;enera1 and the Coniinander o f the I hstrict.” “’TO one of the ikitus :i gold hcndrti c . i : ~ \v:is presc‘:rltcd. \ I I / . ” b-nthc:.

J Y . \ Y 1’

THE BIINDANAO MORO.

“On the 1st of December, 18g0, at 8:oo o’clock in the morning. Moros gathered by Amay Pagpag. entered the bamo of Manticao and killed twenty-five Christians, capturing many women and children who were taken in church, it being Sunday and the hour of worship. They took I 30 captives all told. “The Moros were well armed with rifles, acquired no doubt from smugglers on the south coast of this island. and this is the reason why they consider themselves so confident and strong in attacking almost defenseless towns. “Their first intention was to attack Iligan, but this town being more or less prepared for the attack, it was passed by. In going by Iligan they made it appear as though they were on a foray against the Montescos. a tribe of the interior. “After passing Iligan, their guide, the Sultan of Parau, who had always lived near the coast, directed them against Manticao. knowing that the people living there were practically unarmed. I’ Father JUAN RUIZ.

*ILIGAN.

January I, 18go.” * + +

“On the 15th August, 189r’. arrived at this port the ship of the Royal Navy, Marquis del Duero convoying the Son Qvinttn, Cebv and Manila, carrying aboard a force to operate at Lanm. “At 7 in the morning they disembarked on the far side of %e Linamon River. The force that landed was two columns, the first composed of 500 native troops under the immediate command of a captain of infantry, Don Guillermo Pintos, and the second of three hundred Spaniards, commanded by SeZlor Don Luis Huertas, as a reserve for the first. “They immediately commenced to experience the in-clemency of the weather, and after marching four days arrived at the pueblo (town) of Marahui. Both columns met - many parties of Moros of the rancherias (settlements) of Marantao, Maol and Canayan, who did not offer a very strong resistance, as only eight dead were counted, but it is supposed that many more were wounded. At Marahui the opposition was no greater, the people living on the edge of the lake having retired into the interior. The principal cotta (fort) made a good resistance until the assault; they lost thirty-five killed, some wounded, much material captured and numbers of houses burned.

THE JII-VDA LVA 0 MOR 0.

3U5 ‘‘On our side nineteen were wounded, among them Don Miguel Ruano. lieutenant of artillery. We also had five killed, including a Spanish artilleryman. * ( As these two columns left the coast hurriedly with only four days rations, they were quickly followed up by another detachment of four hundred infantry under Lieutenant Colonel Don Xlfonso Cortijo, which conducted a convoy with rations for the whole force which was to make expeditions from the rancheria of Balut as a base. “These two sections of the force, however, did not come together as was intended owing to the fact that a guide, furnished by the Sultan of Balut, was instructed by that treacherous chief to keep them apart. For this piece of treachery the officer commanding the convoy ordered that Datu Alack. the guide, should be find fifty pesos ($12 j.00 ), but the co:onel commanding. through timidity, not only revoked the order giving fifty pcsos, but paid Alack more nioncy, with the understanding that the Moros were not to molest any of the people of this locality. ‘.After the above expeditions. one was sent against the pueblo of Slunay under command of Lieutenant Colonel Cortijo, who had with him a battery of artillery, commanded by Captain Don Aklolfo Barzanotlano, also the militia of this town. and of Slisamis. “ T h i s force was sent to take a cotta. poorly defended, and to raze the pueblo The command on the r a y built a fort at Liangan. and left there a garrison of sixty infantry and ten artillery. It then proceeded to ~lomungan, where another sinall fort was put up and called Weyler. Here I celebrated a campaign mass, blessed the fort, and hoisted the flag of Castilla, which was to remain under the charge of a special guard of our troops. “Although many flags fly from small forts in this region, the lloros are still at large and very rebellious, and make it dangerous for one to be in this section. ‘*The results of all these expeditions have actually been nothing which an observer can see. The Moros are still in rebellion and have not been made to feel the sting of a real war. ‘* As one who has some little knowledge of these people, it is my opinion that they will continue to be aggressive and molest us in numbers more or less large. Father JL’AS RL‘IL. “ILILAN. October 13, 1891.“

“On the 15th Decembei. 1892. several rancherias of the lake region, among them those of Uato and ,Rororajos. making in all a large party of Moros. sailed forth to attack the fort at blomungan. a ‘ T ~ soldiers learning of the approach of the Moros left the fort to meet them under Major Don Nicolas Soro. A fig@ occurred, in which a servant of the Major was killed, and several of our soldiers were wounded, the Moros leaving seven dead on the field From subsequent reports it was learned that eighty-two Moros in all were killed. *‘Major Soro took the seven dead bloros to Momungan and buried them ina plot which he laid out as a lloro cemetery. He wrote to the relatives of the dead so that they might, if they desired. come and pray at the graves. Father CIPRIASO LIZARRAG.\.

**II.IGAX,

December 2;. 131p.” * * *

“On the 9th July, 1894, at a place called Calanajan, between the fort at Momungan and Pantar. about two hundred Moros surprised a column of two hundred mea under Captain Don Pedro Salaron, killing the Captain and seren-teen men. and wounding fifty-five. 6iThe Moros carried off fifty-one rifles, and left twenty of their own dead on the field. “On the 24th. seeing that they had done so well on the 9th. about a thousand Moros prepared an ambuscade near the shores of the Lake of Calanajan, and waited for the Seventy-fourth Regiment which was on its way from Caba-saran to Momungan, but the lieutenant colonel commanding the regiment having been informed that the Moros were waitingat the above lake, just before reaching there sent out scouts to locate them. a’ They were discovered lying in wait, and the regiment surprised them by coming from another direction. Volleys were poured into them, and at this juncture the Seventy-first and Seventy.third Regiments arrived on the field from Momungan, surrounding them completely. T h e XIoros now saw that they were lost, and many jumped into the lake, where they were killed. “Our losses were two soldiers killed, and the lieutenant colonel, Don Pedro del Real, of the Seventy-first Regiment, and a staff captain, wounded.

. ,

.. . I . I I 7 . i ? , ' . . , I

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THE 1lf1LVDrl -VA 0 -MOR 0. 307 '.The Moros lost about jOO, as over 200 dead were found From the killed it is estimated that about 500 on the field. would be the loss. "Father CIFRI.ISO LIZ.~RR.\G.\. '' [LIGAN, August I . 1394." * * *

Officers of the army who have served at Camp Overton or Camp Marahui, blindanao. know Tiradores Hill (Sharp-shooter's Hill) between those two posts, and will recognize that the last of the foregoing narratives is a description of the one big fight the Spaniards had with the Moros in northern Mindanao in recent years, and of which the people of Iligan always tell. To the knowledge of the writer there is n o lake near Tiradores Hill, but at its foot is a creek which runs through a very low country that in the rainy season could overflow and easily become a lagoon or lake, and the Lake of Calanajan, spoken of in the narrative, is most likely the above stream overflowed. The Noro is frugal and temperate, his main food being rice, which he cultiL-ates and buys from Chinese merchants in the towns bordering his country. Tropical fruits and fish (the Mor0 is a great water man) are also articles of diet. He never uses lard, grease, or tallow, and abhors pork, which the Koran teaches is unclean. The abnormal prejudice against pork may be shown by the fact when ,American troops first went to Mindanao, considerable trouble was experienced with the Datus who ran the pack trains from the coast stations to supply the posts in the interior. Bacon, a very important component of the soldier's ration, was the one article that they absolutely refused to allow their henchmen to handle. So averse were they to packing bacon that the army pack trains were used for this, Moros carrying other provisions. All intoxicants are shunned by them, this being a precept of the Koran. We doubt very much if a drunken Mor0 has ever been seen by a Christian. They are a very filthy people as regards the person and around their houses, being conspicuous in the use of the